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Teo Siong Seng

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Teo Siong Seng is the Executive Chairman and Managing Director of Pacific International Lines (PIL), a Singapore-based shipping company. He is also the Chairman of the Singapore Business Federation (SBF). A prior Nominated Member of Parliament (NMP), Teo Siong Seng was the Chairman of the Singapore Chinese Chamber of Commerce and Industry (SCCCI) from 2009 to 2013.

Teo Siong Seng
Teo Siong Seng profile.jpg
Born1955
EducationDegree in Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering
Alma materRaffles Institution, University of Glasgow
OrganisationChairman of the Singapore Business Federation (SBF), Chairman of the Singapore Chinese Chamber of Commerce and Industry (SCCCI) (2009 - 2013)
Known forExecutive Chairman of Pacific International Lines (PIL), CEO of Singamas Container Holdings
Parent(s)
  • Chang Yun Chung (father)

Background

 
Teo Siong Seng (right) pictured with 2 of his 13 siblings and father (seated). Photo from Forbes.

Early life

The son of shipping tycoon Chang Yun Chung, Siong Seng is the fifth son in a family of eight boys and six girls. He has always had a strong fascination with ships, despite not knowing how to swim.[1] Siong Seng was already out at sea at six years old, sailing onboard a passenger-cargo ship named Dong Hao to Huangpu in South China.[2]


When Siong Seng was thirteen years old, his father incorporated Pacific International Lines (PIL).[3] Siong Seng shared that while he was happy that his father was his own boss, it also meant that he would be spending less time with his family.[4] He remarked that for his family, family time is intermixed with business time.[5]


In an interview conducted by SMU’s International Training Institute, Siong Seng shared that he often accompanied his father to the PIL office and onboard ships.[6] He also spent his school holidays working as a deckhand and cargo tally clerk at PIL.[7]

Cadet for Kota Panjang (1971)

At 16 years old, Siong Seng joined the crew of Kota Panjang, a passenger-cargo ship, as a cadet and sailed with them for some time. He went to ports of Penang, Hong Kong and Huang Pu. During his time as a cadet, he assisted the duty officers of various vessels on their watches.[8]


Siong Seng was motivated to start sailing after his father asked him if he wanted to experience life onboard a cargo ship.[9] At the time, Siong Seng had just finished his O levels and wanted to see China.[10] His experience onboard Kota Panjang made him more keen to pursue a career in the shipping industry.[11]

Education

Siong Seng studied at Raffles Institution and had originally wanted to further his studies in Marine Engineering at a polytechnic. However, his mother persuaded him to stay on at Raffles Institution.[12] Siong Seng graduated from the University of Glasgow with a First Class Honours degree in Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering.[13]

Pacific International Lines (PIL)

 
Kota Singa (pictured) is one of the two first vessels acquired. Photo from PIL.

Having a reputation as a tough businessman, Siong Seng started his career with Pacific International Lines (PIL) in 1979.[14][15] Siong Seng was Assistant Managing Director in 1982 and Deputy Managing Director by 1986.[16] In April 2018, Siong Seng was appointed the Executive Chairman of PIL.[17]

Managing Director (1992 - 2017) & Executive Chairman (2018 - present)

 
A younger Teo Siong Seng and Chang Yun Chung. Photo from CNBC.

In October 1992, Siong Seng was promoted to Managing Director.[18] Under his leadership, Siong Seng envisioned a “more corporatised” PIL[19] despite it being a “family-owned business”.[20] He foresaw the company “moving in the direction of meritocracy and more professional management".[21] That included financial management, such as having a budget and cash flow forecast which Siong Seng implemented when he took over.[22]


Siong Seng also led the charge in doing business on a larger scale.[23] Under his watch, PIL expanded its container shipping business beyond intra-Asia to China, the Middle East and East Africa which allowed them to gain substantial market share in emerging-market trades.[24] The company also started providing East-West services from China to Europe and North America from 2004.


Siong Seng oversaw PIL’s investment in setting up four distriparks in China[25] and the company’s diversification into the fabrication businesses.[26] He also oversaw the formation of Advanced Container Lines (ACL), a feeder arm, to expand PIL’s coverage of the Indian market[27] and the acquisition of Trade Expansion, a feeder ship from Hong Kong in 1995.[28] By 2000, PIL had a turnover of S$1.3 billion and was Singapore’s second-biggest shipping conglomerate only losing out to Neptune Orient Lines.[29]

Pacific Shipping Trust (2006 - present)

In 2006, PIL launched the first of Singapore’s three shipping trusts - Pacific Shipping Trust.[30] The trust allowed shipping companies to offload vessels with long-term charter contracts into the trust to free up capital.[31] By doing so, Siong Seng acquired a sizeable fleet of smaller vessels ready for deployment in emerging market routes. He also amassed a fleet of container vessels and multi-purpose vessels by picking up second-hand vessels from the market or chartering them from other shipowners.[32]

Singamas Container Holdings

Singamas Container Holdings was founded as a subsidiary of Pacific International Lines.[33] Siong Seng shared that Singamas allowed PIL to be a totally integrated transport hub by its coverage of land-based services.[34] Siong Seng was named the Chief Executive Officer of Singamas Container Holdings on 21 January 1997.[35]

CEO (1997 - present)

Under Siong Seng’s leadership, Singamas has created innovative products, including specialised containers like the bitutainer to transport asphalt bitumen needed for building roads. The containers can heat the bitumen when it reaches its destination, thus preparing the bitumen for immediate use.[36] Other products include a container with a built-in chassis[37] and specialised 45-foot containers in Qingdao designated for US trucking meat.[38] Singamas was also the first marine container manufacturer in Shanghai.[39]

Singapore Chinese Chamber of Commerce and Industry (1993 - 2017)

 
Teo Siong Seng (right) pictured during the 57th SCCCI council installation in 2013. Photo credit to Kenji Soon (MCI).

Siong Seng joined the Singapore Chinese Chamber of Commerce and Industry in 1993 as a new member after his father gave up his seat for him.[40] At 38 years old, he was the youngest member to join the Chamber.[41] He first served as Deputy to Mr Chia Beng Seng of Indocement, as part of the economic committee. Siong Seng served as Chairman of the SCCCI for four years from 2009 to 2013.[42] Under his chairmanship, the SCCCI endorsed Dr Tony Tan’s presidency in 2011.[43] He stepped down as a board member of the SCCCI in 2017.[44]

Chairman (2009 - 2013)

During his time as Chairman of the SCCCI, Siong Seng removed the clan-based voting system, leaving no reserved seats for specific dialect groups. This decision was to facilitate membership  based on merit and to protect the SCCCI’s reputation as a fair and legitimate commerce chamber.[45] The new membership system aimed at “attracting people who are outstanding professionals [and] leaders in their field of business”.[46] Siong Seng also set an age limit of 70 years old on members running for election and reduced the number of council members from 66 to 56.[47]


The SCCCI’s new system attracted new members like Sheng Siong's Managing Director Lim Hock Chee (50), Jumbo's Ang Kiam Meng (48), who is also the President of the Restaurant Association of Singapore, Sembcorp's Tang Kin Fei (59) and ARA's CEO John Lim (54) into the chamber.[48]

Nominated Member of Parliament (2009 - 2014)

Siong Seng served for two terms as an NMP, representing the commerce sector in Singapore.[49] He desired to “voice the concerns of SMEs and reflect reactions from the ground as to whether the Government's Resilience Package is working, and whether there can be further improvement in policies”.[50] He had also hoped to handle some parliamentary debates in Chinese.[51]

Commerce sector representative

Siong Seng has spoken on issues about hiring foreign manpower[52] and the recycling industry.[53] He advocated for learning Chinese as a second language and pushed for local companies venturing overseas and trade associations to receive greater support.[54] Siong Seng also vocalised the need to help SMEs increase productivity and combat rising costs such as rental.[55] He has also talked about cutting the red tape and compliance costs that restrict firms from accessing productivity incentives offered by the government.[56]

Civic duties

Siong Seng held several prolific roles in the shipping industry. During his time as President of the SSA (2003 - 2011), Siong Seng oversaw the Singapore Maritime Week Regatta in 2009. The regatta raised S$33,000 for Sailability Singapore — a programme by the Singapore Disability Sports Council that aimed to introduce sailing to those with disabilities.[57]

Year Organisation Position Refs.
2019 - present National University of Singapore Pro-Chancellor [58]
2019 - present Keppel Corporation Board member [59]
2018 - present Enterprise Singapore Board member [60][61]
2016 - present Joint Implementation Council for the China-Singapore (Chongqing) Demonstration Initiative on Strategic Connectivity Consultant [62]
2015 - present Committee on the Future Economy Co-chair (Subcommittee on future corporate capabilities and innovation) [63][64]
2014 - present SkillsFuture Council Committee member [65]
2014 - present Singapore Business Federation Chairman [66]
2010 - 2014 Singapore Business Federation Board member [67]
2009 - 2013 Singapore Chinese Chamber of Commerce and Industry Chairman [68]
2003 - 2011 Singapore Shipping Association President [69]
2003 - 2009 Maritime Port Authority Board member [70]
2003 - 2009 Singapore Maritime Foundation Chairman [71][72]
2000 - 2016 The Standard Club Asia Ltd Chairman [73]
1995 - 1996 Trade Development Board Board member [74]
1993 - 2009 & 2013 - 2017 Singapore Chinese Chamber of Commerce and Industry Board member [75][76]
1991 Advisory Committee on Maritime Services Regional shipping committee member [77]

Awards & accolades

Year Award Event Refs.
2019 Public Service Star National Day Awards [78]
2017 NTUC’s Medal of Commendation May Day Awards [79]
2008 NTUC’s Plaque of Commendation May Day Awards [80]
2000 Best Singapore-China Business Entrepreneur Award Golden Eagle Awards [81]

Personal life

Family

Siong Seng is married to a 64-year-old homemaker and has two sons aged 28 and 25 (as of 2019).[82] Siong Seng once shared that his father taught him to treat his colleagues, customers and business partners with sincerity and to keep one’s word in a business agreement.[83] He cites his mother as the person who taught him humility, reminding him to be “modest and fair” to everyone despite coming from a rich family.[84] He recalled feeling out of step with his university mates in Glasgow, as he could return to Singapore while his classmates stayed back to work at summer camps.[85]

Character

Siong Seng is effectively bilingual, switching effortlessly between English and Chinese. He also speaks Hokkien and Cantonese.[86] Siong Seng was said to be hardworking, having a “punishing” work schedule.[87] Siong Seng shared that he was neither adventurous nor “fit” when he was younger but changed when he was serving his National Service with the army.[88]

References / Citations

  1. ↑ Leong, Weng Kam and Chua Lee Hoong. “Sailing to China, in father's footsteps.” The Straits Times. December 29, 2000. Accessed November 14, 2019. Retrieved from NewspaperSG.
  2. ↑ Leong, Weng Kam and Chua Lee Hoong. “Sailing to China, in father's footsteps.” The Straits Times. December 29, 2000. Accessed November 14, 2019. Retrieved from NewspaperSG.
  3. ↑ SMU International Trading Institute. “Teo Siong Seng - Interview,” in Leadership. Singapore: Singapore Management University, 2015. Retrieved from PIL wesbite.
  4. ↑ SMU International Trading Institute. “Teo Siong Seng - Interview,” in Leadership. Singapore: Singapore Management University, 2015. Retrieved from PIL wesbite.
  5. ↑ SMU International Trading Institute. “Teo Siong Seng - Interview,” in Leadership. Singapore: Singapore Management University, 2015. Retrieved from PIL wesbite.
  6. ↑ SMU International Trading Institute. “Teo Siong Seng - Interview,” in Leadership. Singapore: Singapore Management University, 2015. Retrieved from PIL wesbite.
  7. ↑ Kang, Wan Chern. “Cover Story - Against the tide.” The Edge Singapore. April 14, 2014. Accessed November 19, 2019. Retrieved from Factiva.
  8. ↑ Kang, Wan Chern. “Cover Story - Against the tide.” The Edge Singapore. April 14, 2014. Accessed November 19, 2019. Retrieved from Factiva.
  9. ↑ “Teo Siong Seng - Hear Me Out 有话要说.” Toggle. December 7, 2014. Accessed November 19, 2019. Retrieved from: https://video.toggle.sg/en/series/hear-me-out/ep1/315790
  10. ↑ “Teo Siong Seng - Hear Me Out 有话要说.” Toggle. December 7, 2014. Accessed November 19, 2019. Retrieved from: https://video.toggle.sg/en/series/hear-me-out/ep1/315790
  11. ↑ “Teo Siong Seng - Hear Me Out 有话要说.” Toggle. December 7, 2014. Accessed November 19, 2019. Retrieved from: https://video.toggle.sg/en/series/hear-me-out/ep1/315790
  12. ↑ Leong, Weng Kam and Chua Lee Hoong. “Sailing to China, in father's footsteps.” The Straits Times. December 29, 2000. Accessed November 14, 2019. Retrieved from NewspaperSG.
  13. ↑ “Board of Directors - Teo Siong Seng.” Keppel Corporation. Accessed November 13, 2019.
  14. ↑ “Teo Siong Seng - CV”. Keppel Corporation. Accessed November 13, 2019.
  15. ↑ “Chang successor poised to continue growth at PIL.” Llyod’s List International. June 21, 1993. Accessed November 14, 2019. Retrieved from Factiva.
  16. ↑ Leong, Weng Kam and Chua Lee Hoong. “Sailing to China, in father's footsteps.” The Straits Times. December 29, 2000. Accessed November 14, 2019. Retrieved from NewspaperSG.
  17. ↑ “Teo Siong Seng.” Africa South East Asia Chamber of Commerce. Accessed November 13, 2019.
  18. ↑ “Teo Siong Seng - CV”. Keppel Corporation. Accessed November 13, 2019.
  19. ↑ Elias, Rahita. “Father’s a tough act to follow.” The Business Times. December 12, 1994. Accessed November 14, 2019. Retrieved from NewspaperSG.
  20. ↑ Elias, Rahita. “Father’s a tough act to follow.” The Business Times. December 12, 1994. Accessed November 14, 2019. Retrieved from NewspaperSG.
  21. ↑ Elias, Rahita. “Father’s a tough act to follow.” The Business Times. December 12, 1994. Accessed November 14, 2019. Retrieved from NewspaperSG.
  22. ↑ Joseph, George. “Father-son success story.” The Business Times. May 13, 2006. Accessed November 18, 2019. Retrieved from NewspaperSG.
  23. ↑ Joseph, George. “Father-son success story.” The Business Times. May 13, 2006. Accessed November 18, 2019. Retrieved from NewspaperSG.
  24. ↑ Kang, Wan Chern. “Cover Story - Against the tide.” The Edge Singapore. April 14, 2014. Accessed November 19, 2019. Retrieved from Factiva.
  25. ↑ Lee, Dexter. “PIL invests in 4 Chinese distripark projects.” The Business Times. December 17, 1992. Accessed November 14, 2019. Retrieved from NewspaperSG.
  26. ↑ Chia, William. “PIL in Surabaya container joint venture.” The Business Times. October 05, 1994. Accessed November 14, 2019. Retrieved from NewspaperSG.
  27. ↑ Elias, Rahita. “Advanced Container Lines to expand coverage of Indian market.” The Business Times. January 20, 1995. Accessed November 14, 2019. Retrieved from NewspaperSG.
  28. ↑ Ion, Edward. “PIL expands with new feedership.” Lloyd’s List Internationational. June 15, 1995. Accessed November 14, 2019. Retrieved from Factiva.
  29. ↑ Leong, Weng Kam and Chua Lee Hoong. “Sailing to China, in father's footsteps.” The Straits Times. December 29, 2000. Accessed November 14, 2019. Retrieved from NewspaperSG.
  30. ↑ Kang, Wan Chern. “Cover Story - Against the tide.” The Edge Singapore. April 14, 2014. Accessed November 19, 2019. Retrieved from Factiva.
  31. ↑ Kang, Wan Chern. “Cover Story - Against the tide.” The Edge Singapore. April 14, 2014. Accessed November 19, 2019. Retrieved from Factiva.
  32. ↑ Kang, Wan Chern. “Cover Story - Against the tide.” The Edge Singapore. April 14, 2014. Accessed November 19, 2019. Retrieved from Factiva.
  33. ↑ Ion, Edward. “Singamas Container Holdings plans secondary listing.” Lloyd’s List International. October 17, 1994. Accessed November 14, 2019. Retrieved from Factiva.
  34. ↑ Ion, Edward. “Singamas Container Holdings plans secondary listing.” Lloyd’s List International. October 17, 1994. Accessed November 14, 2019. Retrieved from Factiva.
  35. ↑ “Singamas Container Names Teo Siong Seng Chief Executive”. Dow Jones News Service. January 21, 1997. Accessed November 14, 2019. Retrieved from Factiva.
  36. ↑ Wong, Joon San. “Singamas finds future in specialised boxes.” South China Morning Post. September 22, 1999. Accessed November 14, 2019. Retrieved from Factiva.
  37. ↑ So, Charlotte. “Singamas boss thinks outside the box - While rivals worry about oversupply, the container manufacturer gives priority to delivering orders, writes Charlotte So.” South China Morning Post. February 28, 2006. Accessed November 18, 2019. Retrieved from Factiva.
  38. ↑ So, Charlotte. “Singamas boss thinks outside the box - While rivals worry about oversupply, the container manufacturer gives priority to delivering orders, writes Charlotte So.” South China Morning Post. February 28, 2006. Accessed November 18, 2019. Retrieved from Factiva.
  39. ↑ So, Charlotte. “Singamas boss thinks outside the box - While rivals worry about oversupply, the container manufacturer gives priority to delivering orders, writes Charlotte So.” South China Morning Post. February 28, 2006. Accessed November 18, 2019. Retrieved from Factiva.
  40. ↑ Lee, Han Shih. “Rival factions seeking presidency of SCCCI.” The Business Times. January 12, 1993. Accessed November 14, 2019. Retrieved from NewspaperSG.
  41. ↑ Phua, Kok Kim and Elaine Tan. “Chinese chamber keen to inject fresh blood.” The Straits Times. January 30, 1993. Accessed November 14, 2019. Retrieved from NewspaperSG.
  42. ↑ Cai, Haoxiang. “Thomas Chua to be next SCCCI president.” The Business Times. January 10, 2013. Accessed November 18, 2019. Retrieved from NewspaperSG.
  43. ↑ Chang, Rachel. “People expect a 'visible and active' presidency.” The Straits Times. August 29, 2011. Accessed November 18, 2019. Retrieved from NewspaperSG.
  44. ↑ Boon, Rachel. “Tat Hong chief elected SCCCI president.” The Straits Times. January 12, 2017. Accessed November 19, 2019.
  45. ↑ Leong, Weng Kam. “SCCCI gets 12 new faces in its council.” The Straits Times. December 21, 2010. Accessed November 18, 2019. Retrieved from NewspaperSG.
  46. ↑ Chay, Felda. “'Dialect representation' is out at SCCCI.” The Business Times. May 28, 2010. Accessed November 18, 2019. Retrieved from NewspaperSG.
  47. ↑ Chay, Felda. “'Dialect representation' is out at SCCCI.” The Business Times. May 28, 2010. Accessed November 18, 2019. Retrieved from NewspaperSG.
  48. ↑ Leong, Weng Kam. “SCCCI gets 12 new faces in its council.” The Straits Times. December 21, 2010. Accessed November 18, 2019. Retrieved from NewspaperSG.
  49. ↑ “Teo Siong Seng”. Africa South East Asia Chamber of Commerce. Accessed November 13, 2019.
  50. ↑ “Nominees for NMP positions.” The Straits Times. July 07, 2009. Accessed November 18, 2019. Retrieved from NewspaperSG.
  51. ↑ “Nominees for NMP positions.” The Straits Times. July 07, 2009. Accessed November 18, 2019. Retrieved from NewspaperSG.
  52. ↑ Kor, Kian Beng. “Foreign worker quota won't be eased or tightened.” The Straits Times. August 19, 2009. Accessed November 11, 2019. Retrieved from NewspaperSG.
  53. ↑ Nur Dianah Suhaimi. “Land for recycling industry.” The Straits Times. October 21, 2009. Accessed November 18, 2019. Retrieved from NewspaperSG.
  54. ↑ Chia, Sue-Ann. “Go for Goldilocks growth.” The Straits Times. January 23, 2010. Accessed November 18, 2019. Retrieved from NewspaperSG.
  55. ↑ Chan, Fiona. “Double whammy: SMEs need more help.” The Straits Times. March 03, 2010. Accessed November 18, 2019. Retrieved from NewspaperSG.
  56. ↑ “Rooting for low-hanging carrots.” The Straits Times. March 16, 2013. Accessed November 18, 2019. Retrieved from NewspaperSG.
  57. ↑ Kong, Jenny. “All hands on deck for charity.” Today. April 20, 2009. Accessed November 18, 2019. Retrieved from NewspaperSG.
  58. ↑ “NUS appoints three new Pro-Chancellors”. National University of Singapore. February 25, 2019. Accessed November 19, 2019.
  59. ↑ “Board of Directors - Teo Siong Seng”. Keppel Corporation. Accessed November 13, 2019.
  60. ↑ “18 board members appointed to Enterprise Singapore”. Channel NewsAsia. March 19, 2018. Accessed November 19, 2019.
  61. ↑ Chia, Yan Min. “Trade ministry names 18 to Enterprise Singapore board”. The Business Times. March 20, 2018. Accessed November 19, 2019.
  62. ↑ Kor, Kian Beng. “Singapore names 6 business leaders as consultants for govt-led project in Chongqing”. The Straits Times. January 8, 2016. Accessed November 19, 2019.
  63. ↑ Chia, Yan Min and Jeremy Koh. “Group set up to plan future S’pore economy.” My Paper. December 22, 2015. Accessed November 18, 2019. Retrieved from Factiva.
  64. ↑ Lee, Marissa. “5 sub-groups to study key areas of Future Economy.” The Straits Times, January 12, 2016. Accessed November 18, 2019. Retrieved from NewspaperSG.
  65. ↑ Tay, Kelly. “SkillsFuture Council lists ways to develop citizens.” The Business Times. November 06, 2014. Accessed November 19, 2019. Retrieved from NewspaperSG.
  66. ↑ Wong, Wei Han. “SBF elects new chairman, will focus more on internationalisation.” Today. June 27, 2014, Accessed November 18, 2019.
  67. ↑ “Singapore Business Federation re-elects Tony Chew as chairman”. Channel NewsAsia. June 25, 2010. Accessed November 18, 2019. Retrieved from Factiva.
  68. ↑ Cai, Haoxiang. “Thomas Chua to be next SCCCI president.” The Business Times. January 10, 2013. Accessed November 18, 2019. Retrieved from NewspaperSG.
  69. ↑ Jinks, Beth. “PIL boss takes over as SSA head from Lua Cheng Eng.” The Shipping Times. June 06, 2003. Accessed November 18, 2019. Retrieved from Factiva.
  70. ↑ Joseph, George. “MPA gets 2 new board members.” The Shipping Times. February 02, 2006. Accessed November 18, 2019. Retrieved from Factiva.
  71. ↑ “Singapore outlines strategies to enhance maritime hub status.” Channel NewsAsia. March 05, 2004. Accessed November 18, 2019. Retrieved from Factiva.
  72. ↑ Wee, Vincent. “New leaders for S’pore Maritime Foundation.” The Shipping Times. December 30, 2009. Accessed November 18, 2019. Retrieved from Factiva.
  73. ↑ “Standard Asia appoints chairman.” South China Morning Post. November 03, 2000. Accessed November 19, 2019. Retrieved from Factiva.
  74. ↑ “TDB names new directors.” The Straits Times. December 31, 1994. Accessed November 14, 2019. Retrieved from NewspaperSG.
  75. ↑ Lee, Han Shih. “Rival factions seeking presidency of SCCCI.” The Business Times. January 12, 1993. Accessed November 14, 2019. Retrieved from NewspaperSG.
  76. ↑ Boon, Rachel. “Tat Hong chief elected SCCCI president”. The Straits Times. January 12, 2017. Accessed November 19, 2019.
  77. ↑ Elias, Rahita. “Plan for maritime centre being drawn up.” The Business Times. October 01, 1991. Accessed November 14, 2019. Retrieved from NewspaperSG.
  78. ↑ Ho, Grace. “A voice for businesses' needs and concerns: Teo Siong Seng”. The Straits Times. August 09, 2019. Accessed November 14, 2019.
  79. ↑ “May Day Awards 2017 - Teo Siong Seng”. National Union Trade Congress. May 13, 2017. Accessed November 19, 2019.
  80. ↑ “May Day Awards 2017 - Teo Siong Seng”. National Union Trade Congress. May 13, 2017. Accessed November 19, 2019.
  81. ↑ “WBL Corp wins Best Singapore-China Business Enterprise Award.” Channel NewsAsia. December 29, 2000. Accessed November 14, 2019. Retrieved from Factiva.
  82. ↑ Kor, Kian Beng and Cai Haoxiang. “The New NMPs Up Close and Personal”. The Straits Times. June 10, 2009. Accessed November 13, 2019.
  83. ↑ Joseph, George. “Father-son success story.” The Business Times. May 13, 2006. Accessed November 18, 2019. Retrieved from NewspaperSG.
  84. ↑ Joseph, George. “Father-son success story.” The Business Times. May 13, 2006. Accessed November 18, 2019. Retrieved from NewspaperSG.
  85. ↑ Joseph, George. “Father-son success story.” The Business Times. May 13, 2006. Accessed November 18, 2019. Retrieved from NewspaperSG.
  86. ↑ Leong, Weng Kam and Chua Lee Hoong. “Sailing to China, in father's footsteps.” The Straits Times. December 29, 2000. Accessed November 14, 2019. Retrieved from NewspaperSG.
  87. ↑ Joseph, George. “Father-son success story.” The Business Times. May 13, 2006. Accessed November 18, 2019. Retrieved from NewspaperSG.
  88. ↑ Kor, Kian Beng and Cai Haoxiang. “The New NMPs Up Close and Personal”. The Straits Times.  June 10, 2009. Accessed November 13, 2019.
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